About the Author
Robert N. Stavins is the Albert Pratt Professor of Business and Government, Director of the Harvard Environmental Economics Program, and Chairman of the Environment and Natural Resources Faculty Group.
Tag Archives: efficiency
On the Origins of Research
In response to my last essay at this web site, “On Becoming an Environmental Economist,” several readers suggested that someday I should write about the origins of my various research initiatives over the past 25 years. Today, I’m doing that … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Corporate Social Responsibility, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Fisheries Policy, Forest Policy, Health Policy, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy, Water Policy, Wine Economics
Tagged benefit-cost analysis, cap-and-trade, common property resources, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, environmental politics, externalities, free rider problem, global climate policy, Kyoto Protocol, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, market failure, market-based environmental policies, regulation, revenue-neutral taxes
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On Becoming an Environmental Economist
My essay this month represents a departure from my standard blog posts about a contemporary environmental policy issue. Rather, it is of a more personal nature, and stems from the fact that the second volume of my collected papers has … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Corporate Social Responsibility, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Fisheries Policy, Forest Policy, Health Policy, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy, Water Policy, Wine Economics
Tagged benefit-cost analysis, cap-and-trade, common property resources, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, environmental politics, free rider problem, global climate policy, information problems, Kyoto Protocol, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, market failure, market-based environmental policies, public goods, regulation, revenue-neutral taxes
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Cap-and-Trade, Carbon Taxes, and My Neighbor’s Lovely Lawn
The recent demise of serious political consideration of an economy-wide U.S. CO2 cap-and-trade system and the even more recent resurgence in interest among policy wonks in a U.S. carbon tax should prompt reflection on where we’ve been, where we are, … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Forest Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged cap-and-trade, carbon tax, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, global climate policy, Kyoto Protocol, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, market-based environmental policies, Mitt Romney, Obama Administration, revenue-neutral taxes, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Two Notable Events Prompt Examination of an Important Property of Cap-and-Trade
In December of 2010, a group of economists and legal scholars gathered at the University of Chicago to celebrate two notable events. One was the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Ronald Coase’s “The Problem of Social Cost” (Coase 1960). … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged Arrow and Debreu, cap-and-trade, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), Coase Theorem, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, EU ETS, European Union, global climate policy, Independence Property, Journal of Law and Economics, Kyoto Protocol, market-based environmental policies, Montreal Protocol, Regional Clean Air Incentives Market, regulation, Robert Hahn, Ronald Coase, sulfur dioxide, University of Chicago, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Can Market Forces Really be Employed to Address Climate Change?
Debate continues in the United States, Europe, and throughout the world about whether the forces of the marketplace can be harnessed in the interest of environmental protection, in particular, to address the threat of global climate change. In an essay … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged California, cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, European Union, externalities, global climate policy, market failure, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, regulation
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Low Prices a Problem? Making Sense of Misleading Talk about Cap-and-Trade in Europe and the USA
Some press accounts and various advocates have labeled the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI) as near “the brink of failure” because of the recent trend of very low auction prices. Likewise, commentators have recently characterized the European Union Emission Trading … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, environmental politics, EU ETS, European Union, global climate policy, green jobs, RGGI
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Reflections on Twenty Years of Policy Innovation
In 2009, the U.S. Congress considered but ultimately failed to enact legislation aimed at limiting U.S. greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. The bill under consideration at that time, the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009, was the last in a … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged acid rain, cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, efficiency, environmental politics, externalities, global climate policy, market failure, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, Office of Management and Budget, regulation, SO2 allowance trading, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Economics of the Environment
The Sixth Edition of Economics of the Environment: Selected Readings has just been published by W. W. Norton & Company of New York and London. Through five previous editions, Economics of the Environment has served as a valuable supplement to … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Corporate Social Responsibility, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Fisheries Policy, Forest Policy, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy, Water Policy
Tagged Australia, benefit-cost analysis, Brazil, California, cap-and-trade, China, common property resources, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, environmental politics, European Union, externalities, free rider problem, global climate policy, import allowance requirement, India, information problems, Japan, Korea, Kyoto Protocol, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, market failure, market-based environmental policies, Mexico, Obama Administration, Office of Management and Budget, public goods, regulation, revenue-neutral taxes, sulfur dioxide
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The Promise and Problems of Pricing Carbon
Friday, October 21st was a significant day for climate change policy worldwide and for the use of market-based approaches to environmental protection, but it went largely unnoticed across the country and around the world, outside, that is, of the State … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged AB 32, Alberta, Australia, British Columbia, California, California Air Resources Board, cap-and-trade, carbon taxes, Clean Development, Clean Development Mechanism, Clean Energy Standards, collateral damage, common property resources, cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, efficiency, emission reduction credits, environmental politics, EU ETS, European Union, externalities, fossil fuel subsidies, free rider problem, global climate policy, harmonized carbon taxes, Harvard Kennedy School, international carbon tax, international tradable permits, Japan, Joseph Aldy, Journal of Environment and Development, Kyoto Protocol, leaded gasoline, linkage, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, Maria Damon, market failure, market-based environmental policies, New York Review of Books, New Zealand, North American Climate Initiative, Obama Administration, offsets, Ontario, political polarization, public goods, Quebec, regulation, Resources for the Future, revenue-neutral taxes, sulfur dioxide, tarnishing of cap-and-trade, Thomas Sterner, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation, William Nordhaus
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What’s Good for the Goose is Good for the Gander: Rahm’s Doctrine and Mercutio’s Complaint
In a January 2009 article – “The Big Fix” – in the New York Times Magazine, David Leonhardt introduced a frequently-employed political strategy into popular political culture by identifying it with the new President’s Chief of Staff, Rahm Emanuel: Two … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Politics, Positive Political Economy
Tagged cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, David Leonhardt, distributional equity, efficiency, Elizabeth Kolbert, environmental politics, global climate policy, green jobs, Lawrence Summers, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, Rahm Emanuel, Rahm's Doctrine, regulation
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Good News from the Regulatory Front
As each day passes, the upcoming November 2012 general elections produce new stories about potential Republican candidates for President, as well as stories about President Obama’s anticipated re-election campaign. At the same time, the 2012 elections are already affecting Congressional … Continue reading
Posted in Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged benefit-cost analysis, cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, environmental politics, EPA, Exelon Corporation, green jobs, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, market failure, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, Office of Management and Budget, public goods, recession, regulation, Richard Schmalensee, Tea Party, Transport Rule
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Reflecting on a Century of Progress and Problems
As the first decade of the twenty-first century comes to a close, the problem of the commons is more important to our lives – and more central to economics – than a century ago when the first issue of the … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Fisheries Policy, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged A. C. Pigou, American Economic Review, benefit-cost analysis, cap-and-trade, China, common property resources, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, Elinor Ostrom, environmental politics, excludable, externalities, fisheries, free rider problem, Garrett Hardin, global climate policy, India, Indiana University, Katharine Coman, market failure, market-based environmental policies, non-excludable, non-renewable natural resource, open-access resource, private property, public goods, regulation, renewable natural resource, revenue-neutral taxes, rivalness, Ronald Coase, sulfur dioxide, Wellesley College
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Defining Success for Climate Negotiations in Cancun
International climate negotiations will continue in Cancun, Mexico, during the first two weeks of December, 2010. These will be the Sixteenth Conference of the Parties (COP-16) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The key challenge is … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Natural Resource Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged Australia, Brazil, Cancun, China, COP-15, COP-16, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Accord, cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, European Union, free rider problem, George W. Bush, global climate policy, India, Japan, Korea, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, Major Economies Forum, market failure, market-based environmental policies, Mexico, New Zealand, Obama Administration, South Africa, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Both Are Necessary, But Neither is Sufficient: Carbon-Pricing and Technology R&D Initiatives in a Meaningful National Climate Policy
For many years, there has been a great deal of discussion about carbon-pricing – whether carbon taxes or cap-and-trade – as an essential part of a meaningful national climate policy. It has long been recognized that although carbon-pricing will be … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Economic Stimulus Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged ARPA-E, cap-and-trade, carbon pricing, carbon tax, Copenhagen Accord, cost-effectiveness, David Leonhardt, efficiency, environmental politics, externalities, free rider problem, global climate policy, green jobs, information problems, market failure, market-based environmental policies, New York Times, Obama Administration, patents, public goods, R&D, regulation, revenue-neutral taxes, Robert Hahn, technological change, technology innovation, technology R&D policies, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Wall Street Journal, Waxman-Markey legislation
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In Defense of Markets
Cap-and-trade has been demonized by conservatives as part of an effective strategy to stop climate legislation from moving forward in the U.S. Congress. As I wrote in my previous blog post (“Beware of Scorched-Earth Strategies in Climate Debates,” July 27, … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, environmental politics, global climate policy, market failure, market-based environmental policies, regulation, revenue-neutral taxes, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Beware of Scorched-Earth Strategies in Climate Debates
With the apparent collapse last week of U.S. Senate consideration of a meaningful climate policy, it is important to reflect on what could be a very serious long-term casualty of these acrimonious climate policy debates, namely the demonizing of cap-and-trade … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged cap-and-trade, carbon pricing, Clean Air Interstate Rule, conservatives, cost-effectiveness, Democratic, efficiency, environmental politics, George H.W. Bush, George W. Bush, global climate policy, lead trading, leaded gasoline phasedown, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, Reagan Administration, regulation, Republican, revenue-neutral taxes, Richard Schmalensee, SO2 allowance trading, sulfur dioxide, U.S. House of Representatives, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Here We Go Again: A Closer Look at the Kerry-Lieberman Cap-and-Trade Proposal
As with the Waxman-Markey bill (H.R. 2454), passed by the House of Representatives last June, there is now some confusing commentary in the press and blogosphere about the allocation of allowances in the new Senate proposal — the American Power … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged American Power Act, cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, externalities, global climate policy, import allowance requirement, Kerry-Lieberman legislation, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, output-based updating allocation, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Chaos and Uncertainty in Copenhagen?
Earlier today, I was asked by the Financial Times, “who is responsible for the chaos and uncertainty” at COP-15 in Copenhagen? I’m not sure those are the words I would have chosen to characterize the situation at the climate negotiations … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Natural Resource Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged Australia, Bella Center, Brazil, Civil Society, common property resources, Copenhagen, cost-effectiveness, Denmark, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, European Union, Financial Times, free rider problem, global climate policy, India, Japan, market failure, market-based environmental policies, Mexico, New Zealand, Obama Administration, public goods, South Africa, United Nations
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Only Private Sector Can Meet Finance Demands of Developing Countries
Things are getting hot here in Copenhagen. It’s not the weather outside, but the debate taking place inside the Bella Center, home of the 15th Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This afternoon, the … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged Brazil, cap-and-trade, carbon finance, China, Copenhagen, cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, European Union, global climate policy, India, Korea, market-based environmental policies, Mexico, Obama Administration, South Africa
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Confusion in the Senate Regarding Allowance Allocation?
According to an October 22nd story in Environment & Energy Daily (“Climate: GOP Fence Sitters Voice Concerns Over Allocations” by Darren Samuelson), several key swing-vote Senate Republicans — including Senator Lisa Murkowski, ranking member of the Energy and Natural Resources … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged Boxer-Kerry legislation, cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, efficiency, environmental politics, global climate policy, Kerry-Boxer legislation, market-based environmental policies, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Cap-and-Trade versus the Alternatives for U.S. Climate Policy
Let’s credit Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska) for raising questions in the National Journal about the viability of cap-and-trade versus other approaches for the United States to employ in addressing CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions linked with global climate change. Senator … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged Australia, CAFE standards, Canada, cap-and-trade, carbon tax, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, efficiency, endangerment finding, environmental politics, European Union, global climate policy, Hamilton Project, Japan, leaded gasoline, market-based environmental policies, National Journal, New Source Review, New Zealand, Obama Administration, ozone depleting substances, RECLAIM program, regulation, sulfur dioxide, Supreme Court, technology innovation, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, vintage differentiated regulation, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Cap-and-Trade: A Fly in the Ointment? Not Really
For more than two decades, environmental law and regulation was dominated by command-and-control approaches — typically either mandated pollution control technologies or inflexible discharge standards on a smokestack-by-smokestack basis. But in the 1980s, policy makers increasingly explored market-based environmental policy … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged acid rain, cap-and-trade, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, global climate policy, market-based environmental policies, regulation, transaction costs, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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What Role for U.S. Carbon Sequestration?
With the development of climate legislation proceeding in the U.S. Senate, a key question is whether the United States can cost-effectively reduce a significant share of its contributions to increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations through forest-based carbon sequestration. Should biological carbon … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Forest Policy
Tagged cap-and-trade, carbon sequestration, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, energy efficiency, environmental politics, forestry, global climate policy, market-based environmental policies, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Is Benefit-Cost Analysis Helpful for Environmental Regulation?
With the locus of action on Federal climate policy moving this week from the House of Representatives to the Senate, this is a convenient moment to step back from the political fray and reflect on some fundamental questions about U.S. … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resource Policy
Tagged benefit-cost analysis, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, environmental politics, externalities, first welfare theorem, global climate policy, information problems, market failure, monetary values, Obama Administration, Office of Management and Budget, regulation, Regulatory Impact Analysis, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, uncertainty, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Worried About International Competitiveness? Another Look at the Waxman-Markey Cap-and-Trade Proposal
The potential impacts of proposed U.S. climate policies on the competitiveness of U.S. industries is a major political issue, and it was one of the key issues in the Energy and Commerce Committee of the House of Representatives in the … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged aluminum, Australia, Brazil, cap-and-trade, cement, China, comparative advantage, developing countries, efficiency, environmental politics, European Union, fossil fuels, free rider problem, glass, global climate policy, Harvard Project on International Climate Agreements, import allowance requirement, India, Indonesia, international climate agreement, international copetitiveness, International Reserve Allowance Program, iron, Japan, leakage, Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2008, linkage of cap-and-trade systems, market-based environmental policies, Mexico, New Zealand, Obama Administration, output-based updating allocation, paper, revenue-neutral taxes, South Africa, steel, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Senate, Waxman-Markey legislation, World Trade Organization (WTO)
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The Wonderful Politics of Cap-and-Trade: A Closer Look at Waxman-Markey
The headline of this post is not meant to be ironic. Despite all the hand-wringing in the press and the blogosphere about a political “give-away” of allowances for the cap-and-trade system in the Waxman-Markey bill voted out of committee … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Positive Political Economy
Tagged allowance allocation, cap-and-trade, cost incidence, cost-effectiveness, distributional analysis, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, global climate policy, Hamilton Project, import allowance requirement, local distribution companies, market-based environmental policies, Obama Administration, Office of Management and Budget, output-based updating allocation, regulation, Regulatory Impact Analysis, revenue-neutral taxes, Waxman-Markey legislation
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Does economic analysis shortchange the future?
Decisions made today usually have impacts both now and in the future. In the environmental realm, many of the future impacts are benefits, and such future benefits — as well as costs — are typically discounted by economists in their … Continue reading
Posted in Climate Change Policy, Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy, Natural Resource Economics
Tagged benefit-cost analysis, discount rate, discounting, distributional analysis, distributional equity, economic valuation, efficiency, global climate policy, monetary values, Office of Management and Budget, regulation, Regulatory Impact Analysis, temporal analysis, time, uncertainty
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What Baseball Can Teach Policymakers
With the Major League Baseball season having just begun, I’m reminded of the truism that the best teams win their divisions in the regular season, but the hot teams win in the post-season playoffs. Why the difference? The regular season … Continue reading
Posted in Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged baseball, benefit-cost analysis, cost-effectiveness, efficiency, information problems, Monte Carlo analysis, Nonroad Diesel Rule, Obama Administration, Office of Management and Budget, regulation, Regulatory Impact Analysis, uncertainty
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Moving Beyond Vintage-Differentiated Regulation
A common feature of many environmental policies in the United States is vintage-differentiated regulation (VDR), under which standards for regulated units are fixed in terms of the units’ respective dates of entry, with later vintages facing more stringent regulation. In … Continue reading
Using Markets to Make Fisheries Sustainable
Around the world, over-fishing is leading to severe depletion of valuable fisheries. This is as true in U.S. coastal waters as it is in many other parts of the world. In New England waters, for example, after two decades of … Continue reading
A Tale of Two Taxes
Whether they are called “revenue enhancements” or “user charges,” fear of the political consequences of taxes restricts debate on energy and environmental policy options in Washington. In a March 7th post on “Green Jobs,” in which I argued that it … Continue reading
Posted in Energy Economics, Energy Policy, Environmental Economics, Environmental Policy
Tagged cost-effectiveness, distributional equity, efficiency, environmental politics, externalities, gasoline taxes, global climate policy, green jobs, market failure, market-based environmental policies, revenue-neutral taxes
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Misconceptions About Water Pricing
Throughout the United States, water management has been approached primarily as an engineering problem, rather than an economic one. Water supply managers are reluctant to use price increases as water conservation tools, instead relying on non-price demand management techniques, such … Continue reading
As Reservoirs Fall, Prices Should Rise
Last week, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger declared a state of emergency and warned of possible mandatory water rationing as the state struggled through its third consecutive year of drought. This well-intentioned response to the latest water crisis should not come … Continue reading
The Myth of the Universal Market
Communication among economists, other social scientists, natural scientists, and lawyers is far from perfect. When the topic is the environment, discourse across disciplines is both important and difficult. Economists themselves have likely contributed to some misunderstandings about how they think … Continue reading